Comparing Animal Colostrum: Why Bovine Colostrum is a GOLD Standard

You might have scrolled through bovine colostrum smoothie trends as the 'healthiest breakfast recipe' across all your Instagram feeds. However, do you know that it's not just cattle that produce colostrum milk but all mammals? 

Then, why is it just bovine colostrum that is earning the spotlight as a 'nutritional secret' in the world of supplements? Even goats and sheep do produce colostrum. Are those really not as beneficial as the formula produced by bovines? Well, that's not the truth! In fact, sheep colostrum has a higher concentration of immunoglobulins(antibodies) compared to others. Then? Let's compare it with the scientific details! 

Before Anything, Understand the Term 'Bovine' 

You need to understand the term bovine first. What makes bovines different from other animals? Readers often confuse it with milk-producing animals or bovids. However, that's not the fact. 

Not all milk-producing animals are bovine. Bovine is a Latin word related to cows and cattle. It also includes water buffaloes and other hybrids. On the other hand, Bovidae, also known as bovids, is a more general term that includes other animals, such as goats and sheep. 

Bovidae is a general classification that consists of 143 extant species and approximately 300 extinct species, including bovines. 

A Quick Recap About Colostrum 

Though most of us know what colostrum is, here is a quick recap. Colostrum, called 'liquid gold' for a good reason, is the first milk mothers produce after giving birth. Scientists call colostrum a blessing for children as it is crucial for their early nutrition and development. 

Most mammals produce thick yellowish colostrum that is creamier than the milk produced in the later stages. Packed with immunoglobulins and growth hormones, it builds passive immunity in newborns, protecting them from infections and chronic threats. 

Due to its affordability and accessibility, bovine colostrum is a popular and nutrient-dense supplement for kids, athletes, and even pets. Click the linked blog to get detailed information on Bovine Colostrum and Its Health Benefits. 

health-benefits-of-bovine-colostrumComparing Bovine Colostrum with Other Animal Colostrum 

Here comes the king section of the blog: a comparison of bovine colostrum with that of other animals. 

The quality and quantity of colostrum depend on several factors, including species, feeding patterns, harvesting, and lactation cycles. However, it's the nutraceutical value that makes the real difference. The nutraceutical value determines the health advantages and therapeutic benefits of colostrum (especially as a human supplement). Going through different criteria will help you understand what makes bovine colostrum a trend. 

The analysis is based on a scientific study that compares the composition and quality of colostrum from different animals. 

  1. Total Protein: The House of Antibodies 

Protein is the main source of immunoglobulins that protect newborns from diseases and infections. Human colostrum has the lowest protein content. Therefore, doctors often recommend bovine colostrum supplements for babies and kids. 

  • Bovine colostrum contains a higher protein content than humans and other animals (except sheep). 

  • Sheep colostrum contains the highest amount of protein (6.3%), comprising 4.8% casein. 

  • However, bovine colostrum contains 2.68% casein, compared to 0.5% in humans, suggesting better protection against infections. 

  1. Lactose: A Milk Carbohydrate 

Lactose is important for gut bacteria and the immune system. It also affects the milk volume and the concentration of proteins, such as casein. Human colostrum contains approximately 7% lactose, which is significantly higher than in other animals. 

  • Bovine colostrum contains 4.8% lactose, which is lower than in humans but still the highest among animals. 

  • Sheep and goat colostrum contain much lower lactose. Therefore, for lactose-intolerant individuals, sheep or goat colostrum is the best! 

  1. Minerals: The Immune Protectors 

Among newborns and growing children, minerals are a crucial source of development and nutrition. Minerals such as magnesium, zinc, and iron support immune health and contribute to bone strength. Compared to animals, human colostrum contains very few minerals (just 0.21%). 

  • Bovine colostrum contains a good amount of minerals (0.71%). It is far superior to humans and comparable to goats (0.77%) 

  • Sheep colostrum contains the highest percentage of iron, which increases even further over time. 

  • Bovine colostrum has the highest zinc composition among animals (15.56%), which supports wound healing, the immune system, and nourishes skin radiance. It is also a significant source of other minerals like manganese, iron, and copper. 

  • On the other hand, goat's first milk is rich in iron, selenium, and antioxidants, such as tocopherols. And do you know what? Due to its high selenium content, goat milk is often used for medicinal purposes (especially for dengue). 

  1. Lipids and Fats: Key to Energy 

Lipids in colostrum support energy production and basic metabolism. They are also important for overall health and development, particularly in the growing stages. However, an excess of lipid composition may result in digestive issues, especially in human infants. 

  • The total lipid levels in bovine colostrum are comparable to humans, showing its digestive safety (even for infants). 

  • Sheep colostrum has the highest lipid content, followed by goat colostrum. 

Also Read: How Bovine Colostrum Helps with Post-Workout Recovery 

  1. Dry Matter: Define Concentrated Nutrients 

Higher dry matter in colostrum indicates a more concentrated level of essential nutrients, including proteins, antibodies, and minerals. In simple comparison, the higher the dry matter, the better the immune system and development. 

  • Sheep colostrum is richest in dry matter, showing it is nutritionally dense and potent. 

  • Bovine colostrum contains 12.8% of dry matter, which is better than humans and almost the same as goats. It is also a rich source of lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein that promotes overall wellness among newborns. 

  1. Quantity: Decides the Practical Applications 

The amount of colostrum produced by animals plays a crucial role in determining its medical and commercial applications. To keep it accessible and affordable for humankind, it is best to choose a source that strikes a balance between quantity and quality. 

  • A healthy dairy bovine can produce approximately 3.8 to 7.7 kilograms of colostrum at first calving, containing a high number of antibodies. 

  • Furthermore, the composition varies significantly according to breed and genetics. For example, among cows, Jersey cows produce colostrum with higher IgG concentrations compared to others. 

  • Sheep produce just 1.2-4.5 kg of colostrum in the 48 hours after lambing. Therefore, it is much more expensive and less accessible in non-hilly terrains. 

  • Even in goats, the quantity of colostrum is sometimes low, at just 120 g in the first 10 hours after kidding. 

  • The amount of colostrum in animals also depends on the lactation cycle. Studies show that cows in their 4th lactation cycle produced the highest quality and quantity of colostrum. 

  • As the time after parturition increases, the quality and quantity of colostrum begin to decrease among mammals. Reasons? The breast milk starts to develop into transitional milk, followed by mature milk. 

Find Out: When is the Best Time to Take Colostrum for Maximum Benefits? 

Tabular Comparison Between Bovine Vs. Sheep Vs. Goat Colostrum 

The table below compares bovine colostrum with sheep and goat colostrum in brief. Go through the details to make an informed decision: 

Comparison Factor 

Bovine (Mainly Cow) 

Sheep 

Goat 

Total Protein (%) 

3.3 

6.35 

3.4 

Casein (%) 

2.68 

4.82 

1.94 

Lactose (%) 

4.8 

3.23 

4.7 

Total Lipids (%) 

3.8 

8.21 

4.1 

Ash (Minerals) (%) 

0.71 

0.59 

0.77 

Dry Matter (%) 

12.8 

24.58 

13.0 

Copper (Cu) (%) 

2.34 

1.42 

1.98 

Zinc (Zn) (%) 

15.56 

9.57 

7.05 

Manganese (Mn) (%) 

5.59 

6.33 

4.72 

Iron (Fe) (%) 

1.95 

5.47 

2.99 

Quantity (24 hours) 

4.6 to 7.9 kilograms 

Approximately 10% of their body weight 

Approximately 10% of their body weight 

composition-of-bovine-colostrum

From the above table, you can observe the fact that sheep colostrum has the highest proteins, immunoglobulins, and dry matter percentage. In other words, it is best for building immunity. However, due to the low quantity and the limited habitats of dairy sheep, it isn't readily available or affordable. 

Another side? A far better! 

Bovine colostrum is packed with high amounts of proteins, immunoglobulins, and essential minerals. Moreover, unlike other animals, it is easily available and affordable. It has been clinically proven to enhance immunity, gut health, and athletic performance. The best part? Even for children, bovine colostrum is safe for digestion and helps protect against infections. 

Interesting Read: The Incredible Impact of Colostrum for Pets 

Confused? Which Colostrum Supplements Should You Pick 

Okay, go to your Google or Safari and search for colostrum supplements. What do you see? 

We know the answer: numerous brands sell colostrum supplements for human health, each with different promises. But did you notice something common in these products? Most of them (almost all) are bovine-sourced. 

Bovine colostrum is one of the safest health supplements for humans, with high nutraceutical value. Even scientific research and studies are backing the health potential of bovine colostrum. 

You can add bovine colostrum in tasty ways for healthier benefits. We know some bovine colostrum smoothies' recipes that even your kids would love. From gut strength to energy boosts, bovine colostrum delivers it all safely and affordably. 

Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Products mentioned are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q1. Which is better, bovine or goat colostrum? 

The goat colostrum has highest quality of retinols and iron, compared to bovine colostrum. However, goat release too little colostrum to make it commercially available.  

Q2. Is bovine colostrum anti-aging? 

Yes, Bovine colostrum can aid in anti-aging, owing to its ability to boost collagen synthesis. Moreover, it also has antimicrobial properties that reduce the skin inflammation. 

Q3. Is bovine colostrum better than collagen? 

If you want to support your skin, joints, hair, or nails, collagen is a good choice. However, if you want better immunity and gut health, colostrum is best. Therefore, it widely depends on your health goals. 

Q4. What are the health benefits of bovine colostrum? 

Bovine colostrum promises several health benefits. It helps building better immunity, improved skin health, and bone loss prevention. 

Q5. How long does bovine colostrum takes to work? 

When take twice a day regularly, most children and adults started noticing significant improvement in 3-4 weeks. 

References: 

1. Yildiz, M., et al. (2022). Cow, sheep and goat colostrum content comparisons. January 2022. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371033242_Cow_Sheep_and_Goat_Colostrum_Content_Comparisons 

2. Kessler, E. C., et al. (2021). Comparative estimation of colostrum quality by Brix refractometry in bovine, caprine, and ovine colostrum. February 2021. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030220309814 

3. Ahmadi, M., Boldura, O., Milovanov, C., et al. (2016). Colostrum from different animal species – a product for health status enhancement. April 2016. Available: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20163189253  

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Colostrum Benefits for Babies: Tiny Tummies, Mighty Gains!

 Colostrum is the first milk after birth, packed with antibodies and nutrients. It boosts babies’ immunity, supports digestion, and aids healthy growth. Even older babies and toddlers can benefit from bovine colostrum for stronger gut health and overall development. 

Colostrum is called “liquid gold” for all the goodness it holds for your newborn. It is the first milk produced by mothers during and after pregnancy. When a baby is born, his first meal isn't just simple breast milk. It's colostrum, a concentrated, nutrient-dense liquid that lays the foundation for a strong immune system and healthy growth for your baby. Colostrum is packed with nutrients, antibodies, and growth factors that protect against infections and support healthy development. 

While naturally produced only in the first few days after birth, is colostrum for newborns only?  Research shows that giving colostrum, especially in bovine supplement form, can also benefit older babies and toddlers by boosting immunity, supporting digestion, and promoting overall growth. 

In this guide, we’ll explore how colostrum supports your child’s immune system, gut health, and early development, and how to choose the right colostrum for your little one. 

Colostrum: A Superfood for Babies 

Colostrum is the first breast milk produced in the first few days after birth. Unlike regular breast milk, it’s thicker, richer, and packed with nutrients and bioactive compounds that give your baby a strong start. 

It contains antibodies like IgA, IgG, and IgM, which protect your newborn from infections, and growth factors that support the development of organs, especially the digestive system. These compounds form your baby’s first line of defense and help establish a healthy gut microbiome.

 Why it’s called “liquid gold” 

Colostrum isn’t just a nickname, it’s a powerhouse. Studies show that it has up to 5 times more protein than regular breast milk and is loaded with protective compounds that modern science is still discovering. Ancient civilizations also recognized its benefits, from Mongolian nomads to Greek physicians, who valued it for healing and growth.  

Even though newborns benefit the most, research indicates that bovine colostrum supplements can also support older infants and toddlers by enhancing immunity and gut health, helping maintain overall wellness.  

Read More: Bovine Colostrum for Babies 

What are the Colostrum Benefits for Baby?

Think of colostrum as your baby's first superfood. It’s packed with nutrients and bioactive compounds that help jumpstart immunity, support digestion, and promote healthy growth. 

Here are some of the key health benefits of colostrum for kids: 

  1. Supports Baby’s Immune System

Colostrum contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and a high concentration of antibodies, or immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) that protect against infection. These immune factors prevent harmful germs from entering the bloodstream, thereby strengthening your baby’s natural defenses. 

  1. Promotes Gut Health & Aids Healthy Digestion

A newborn’s digestive system is very sensitive and still developing. Colostrum helps coat and create a protective layer on your baby's gut. By strengthening the gut barrier, colostrum helps establish a healthy microbiome, which is key to preventing allergies and digestive issues later on. 

Growth factors present in the colostrum are vital for kickstarting the development of organs, particularly the digestive system. The essential compounds ensure that your child's gut system is strong and ready for nutrient absorption.  

Also Read: 3 Quick Colostrum Smoothie Recipes 

  1. Helps in Clearing Meconium & Reduces Jaundice Risk 

Colostrum has a natural laxative effect. Whatever the baby ingests in the womb is cleared out in the form of meconium, the dark, sticky first poop. Colostrum also helps your baby poop frequently, which reduces the risk of jaundice. 

 Did You Know? 
Newborns have more red blood cells, which release bilirubin when they break down. Since their livers are still developing, bilirubin can build up, sometimes causing jaundice. Colostrum’s natural laxative effect helps clear it out and supports healthy liver function. 

  1. Provides Essential Nutrients That Help Your Baby Grow 

Colostrum supports the early development of your baby’s brain, eyes, heart, and other vital organs, providing a strong foundation for cognitive and physical growth. Its rich nutrients, including vitamin A, zinc, and iron, help support vision, metabolism, and overall development, while magnesium promotes healthy heart function and strong bones. 

Besides, colostrum also has a low-fat content which makes it easier for newborns to digest compared to regular breast milk. 

Also Read: Colostrum Benefits for Adults. 

Bovine Colostrum:  A Powerful Alternative

While human colostrum is best for newborns, bovine (cow) colostrum can be a valuable option for older babies and toddlers. It’s packed with nutrients and growth factors that support immunity, gut health, and overall development. 

A 2020 study found that bovine colostrum contains 14.9% protein, far higher than human colostrum (0.8–0.9%). It also has more fat (6.7% vs. 3–5%) but significantly less lactose (2.5% vs. 6.9–7.2%), making it a better option for those with lactose intolerance. 

With its nutrient-rich profile and numerous health benefits, bovine colostrum is being extensively researched as a potential health supplement to support overall well-being. While human colostrum remains superior for infants, bovine colostrum supplements can be beneficial for adults and older children, supporting the immune system, gut health, and overall vitality.

Disclaimer: These statements have not been assessed by the FDA. The information contained within this page is for educational purposes only. It is not intended to replace the advice or attention of healthcare professionals.   

Frequently Asked Questions 

Q1. How much colostrum does a newborn actually need? 

Newborns need only a few teaspoons of colostrum per feeding, about 5–10 ml at a time. Their tiny stomachs (the size of a cherry!) can’t hold much, and colostrum is perfectly designed to meet those early nutritional needs. 

Q2. Can older babies or toddlers take colostrum supplements? 

Yes. Bovine colostrum supplements can safely support older babies and toddlers, especially those with weak immunity or tummy issues. Always consult your pediatrician before starting any supplement. 

Q3. What are the signs that my baby is getting enough colostrum? 

Your baby is getting enough colostrum if they seem content after feeding, have 1-2 wet diapers in the first 24 hours, and their stool changes from dark meconium to yellow over a few days. Weight loss of up to 7% in the first week is normal. 

Q4. Is bovine colostrum safe for babies? 

Generally, yes, but it should only be given under medical supervision. High-quality, certified bovine colostrum is considered safe for older infants, but newborns should rely on mother’s colostrum as their best source. 

Q5. How long does colostrum last before mature milk comes in? 

Colostrum is produced for the first 2–5 days after birth, then gradually transitions into mature breast milk. Even though it’s short-lived, its impact on your baby’s immunity and gut health lasts much longer. 

References:

1. Maciej Hałasa, et al. Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3626. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/16/3626

2. Sangild, Per Torp, et al. "Potential benefits of bovine colostrum in pediatric nutrition and health." Nutrients 13.8 (2021): 2551. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8402036/

3. Tripathi, Vishal, and Bhavana Vashishtha. "Bioactive compounds of colostrum and its application." Food Reviews International 22.3 (2006): 225-244. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559120600694606

4. Kaplan, Merve, et al. "Production of bovine colostrum for human consumption to improve health." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2022): 796824. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8762312/

5. Gomes, Rhaabe DS, et al. "Bovine colostrum: A source of bioactive compounds for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders." NFS Journal 25 (2021): 1-11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352364621000249

6. Li, Yanqi, et al. "A stepwise, pilot study of bovine colostrum to supplement the first enteral feeding in preterm infants (precolos): study protocol and initial results." Frontiers in pediatrics 5 (2017): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5334325/

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Do Massages Really Release Toxins? What Science and Therapists Say

Many people say that a deep-tissue massage will “release toxins” built up in muscles, and they often recommend drinking lots of water afterward to flush them out. But what do people mean by “toxins,” and is there any truth to these claims?  

In this article, we look at what the body really does with metabolic waste, what massage therapists often say, and what the scientific evidence shows. 

What Are “Toxins” Anyway? 

In scientific terms, toxins are substances produced by living organisms, such as bacteria or plants, or introduced through environmental exposure.  

But in everyday wellness conversations, the term is often used more broadly to describe things the body naturally eliminates, such as metabolic waste. 

Let me ask; Have you ever been told you need a massage to “flush out lactic acid”? Here’s the truth: 

  • Your body actually recycles it pretty quickly, often turning it back into usable fuel within minutes. 

The truth is; your body is equipped with sophisticated systems, including the liver and kidneys, that handle waste elimination efficiently. Rather than focusing on vague detoxes, supporting these systems through proper hydration, nutrient-rich foods, and rest may help maintain the body’s natural balance. 

How Does the Body Actually Eliminate Waste? 

Your body is naturally equipped to clear waste and byproducts, and it does so without relying on massage. The primary organs that support this internal cleansing process include: 

  1. Kidneys:  These organs filter your blood, removing metabolic waste products and excess fluids. The waste products, such as urea, salts, and water, are then excreted from the body through urine.  

In fact, a review notes that the kidneys play a central role in removing “metabolic wastes and toxins” from the body. 

  1. Liver: This organ cleanses blood by processing toxins and byproducts. It changes many harmful chemicals into harmless forms and excretes them in bile.  

The liver “filters (cleans) the blood, removing toxins and waste” which then leave the body via urine or faeces. 

  1. Other routes: Your lungs exhale carbon dioxide (a natural waste from metabolism). Your skin sweats out small amounts of salts and urea. The digestive tract expels solid waste (undigested food and microbes) through stool. 

In a healthy person, these organs work continuously to keep the body’s chemistry balanced. They don’t stop or hold onto waste until a massage comes along. Drinking enough water and staying hydrated helps the kidneys do their job, but no extra water or massage is needed to make them “work” harder than usual. 

Supporting the Body’s Natural Detox Pathways 

While massage does not flush out toxins, supporting the body’s natural detox systems such as the liver and kidneys can play an important role in wellness. These organs work continuously to manage waste and help maintain balance.  

If you're exploring gentle, science-informed ways to support your body’s natural detoxification, certain nutrients have been shown to play a helpful role in liver health. Some of them worth exploring include: fulvic acid, humic acid, and hydrogen water tablets.

Also Read: Cellular Detoxification: Learn to Detox Your Cells Naturally   

Massage Myths: What Therapists Often Say 

Some massage professionals suggest that massage boosts circulation and drains the lymphatic system, leading to the release of "toxins" from the muscles into the bloodstream. It's often recommended to drink extra water after a session to help the kidneys flush out these toxins. 

However, scientific experts clarify that these beliefs are not supported by evidence. While massage can increase local blood flow and offer relaxation benefits, it does not remove toxins or metabolic waste from muscle tissue.  

As one industry authority explains, massage does not assist in the removal of toxins. Likewise, drinking water after a massage does not flush out toxins because a massage does not create a new toxin load. 

In reality, the kidneys are not placed under extra strain following a massage. Hydration is important for overall health, but it does not play a specific role in clearing waste related to massage. The idea of flushing toxins after a session remains a widely repeated myth without scientific support. 

What Does the Research Show? 

Many people believe massage helps flush out toxins like lactic acid, but research doesn’t support that idea. 

One study had people do intense exercise, then try different recovery methods: resting, light exercise, or getting a massage. The results showed that massage didn’t speed up lactic acid removal, light exercise worked best. Just sitting quietly was just as effective as massage. 

Another study found that massage might actually slow lactic acid removal. Why? Because the pressure from massage can reduce blood flow for a short time, which slows how quickly waste leaves the muscles. 

So, the idea that massage “flushes toxins” isn’t backed by science. But that doesn’t mean massage isn’t helpful. A 2017 review showed that massage can reduce soreness after exercise and help muscles feel better. Researchers think this is due to relaxation and reduced inflammation, not detox effects. 

Massage Benefits (Not Related to Toxins) 

Even though massage doesn’t flush out toxins, it offers many legitimate benefits that are backed by research. For example, studies and expert reviews have found that massage can: 

  1. Reduce muscle soreness and tension: 

Massage after exercise or for chronic muscle aches often lowers pain levels and speeds recovery. 

  1. Promote relaxation and stress relief: 

Many people feel calmer after a massage. Massage can lower heart rate and ease anxiety, contributing to overall well-being.  

  1. Improve circulation and flexibility: 

By manipulating tissues, massage may temporarily increase blood flow to muscles and help loosen tight areas. This can improve range of motion and ease stiffness.  

  1. Support mental well-being: 

The comfort of human touch and a calm environment can reduce stress hormones and boost mood. 

All of these effects are well-documented by therapists and in some clinical studies. But notice that none of these are about “detox”. The benefits come from things like improved blood flow (within normal limits), muscle relaxation, and nervous-system changes. For instance, a meta-analysis concluded that massage after strenuous exercise “could be effective for alleviating DOMS and improving muscle performance”. This shows massage has value, but through muscle and nerve pathways rather than flushing chemicals. 

Key Takeaways 

  • Your liver and kidneys handle detox. Massage doesn’t speed up their natural filtering process. 

  • “Toxins” is a loose term. Lactic acid and similar byproducts don’t build up or need squeezing out. 

  • No proof massage “flushes” waste. Studies show it doesn’t help clear lactic acid and may even slow it. 

  • Drink water for health, not detox. Hydration is important, but massage doesn’t make it more necessary. 

  • Massage has real benefits. It can ease soreness and stress, just not because it's removing toxins. 

  • Think of massage as self-care. Enjoy it for relaxation and recovery, not as a detox treatment.  

In summary, you can enjoy a massage for stress relief, pain help, or just self-care. But it’s best to view it to relax and feel better in the moment, not as a medical “detox” treatment. The body already does an excellent job cleaning itself, with or without massage. 

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice. The information provided has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional regarding your personal health needs. 

References  

  1. Imenez Silva PH, Mohebbi N. Kidney metabolism and acid–base control: back to the basics. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 2022;474(8):919-934. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-022-02696-6 

  1. Guo J, Li L, Gong Y, et al. Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2017;8(747). doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00747 

  1. Gupta S, Goswami A, Sadhukhan A, Mathur D. Comparative Study of Lactate Removal in Short Term Massage of Extremities, Active Recovery and a Passive Recovery Period After Supramaximal Exercise Sessions. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996;17(02):106-110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972816 

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